Dans le dispositif de lutte contre

Dans le dispositif de lutte contre la pauvreté qui porte ce programme, il est un grand principe qui doit amoindrir les effets du déplacement et compenser l’éloignement : la sécurisation foncière. Cette politique du titrement foncier (land titling ou property deeds), s’appuie sur les théories très médiatisées de Hernando de Soto (2006) qui ont largement alimenté les programmes de développement urbain dit « pro-poor ». L’opération est présentée aux habitants comme un moyen d’accéder à la propriété et par conséquent de voir leurs conditions de vie s’améliorer. Ce principe est central car, pour les bailleurs et les autorités, les habitants ne sont pas considérés comme des ‘déplacés involontaires’ mais des ‘bénéficiaires réinstallés’ qui ont bénéficié d’une attribution foncière. Pourtant, dans un premier temps, lesdits bénéficiaires ne reçoivent que des « tickets de déplacement » avec un numéro de parcelle. Des titres de propriété doivent leur être définitivement attribués au bout de trois ans. L’attribution différée de titres est censée éviter la revente immédiate des terrains. Ce droit de propriété, en suspens ou incomplet, n’est pas sans rappeler « l’état d’exception » du système foncier déjà observé dans les favelas de Rio (Handzic, 2010)9. Parallèlement à l’obtention de ce ticket de déplacement (sorte de pré-titre foncier), les premiers habitants déplacés se voient proposer des microcrédits leur permettant d’accéder plus facilement à un programme d’habitat social Twize10. Une indemnité (200 euros) est parallèlement octroyée pour les frais de déplacement (transport de la baraque en bois) et peut servir de versement initial pour bénéficier du microcrédit Twize (Fig. 4). Ce programme, mis en œuvre par l’ONG française GRET (Groupe de Recherche et d’Echange Technologique), est vu comme un point de départ à l’amélioration générale de leurs conditions de vie. Cette aide au premier logement doit favoriser l’installation, l’ancrage et par la suite, inciter à l’auto-construction. La sécurité foncière, le microcrédit et l’aide pour ériger la chambre de 20m2 se présentent donc comme les mesures phares permettant de mieux faire accepter le déplacement. Malheureusement, tous les déplacés n’ont pas pu bénéficier de ce programme d’habitat social, celui-ci ayant pris fin en 2008 alors qu’une partie des habitants venait d’arriver dans le quartier ou n’étaient pas encore installés. Ainsi allait-il en être des « Sans fiche sans photo » et des « Tarhil ».

Kết quả (Anh) 1:

In the operative part of fight against poverty which is this program, it is a general principle which should lessen the effects of displacement and to compensate for remoteness: securing land. This policy of the titrement land (land titling or property deeds), relies on the hyped theories of Hernando de Soto (2006) which have largely fueled said urban development programmes "pro-poor". The operation is presented to people as a way to access the property and thus see their living conditions improve. This principle is central because, for donors and the authorities, the people are not considered as 'involuntary moved' but the 'resettled beneficiaries' who received a land grant. Yet, as a first step, beneficiaries said only receive tickets"displacement" with parcel number. Property titles must them be definitely assigned at the end of three years. The allocation of titles is supposed to avoid the immediate resale of land. This right of ownership, pending or incomplete, is not reminiscent of "State of exception" land system already observed in the favelas of Rio (Handzic, 2010) 9. In addition to obtaining this (kind of land pre-title) travel ticket, the first displaced residents are offered microloans enabling them to more easily access a Twize10 social housing program. Compensation (200 euros) is at the same time granted for travel expenses (transport of wooden hut) and can be used as a down payment to qualify for microcredit Twize (Fig. 4). This programme, implemented by the French NGO GRET (research and Exchange technology group), is seen as a starting point to the overall improvement of their living conditions. This first housing assistance should promote the installation, the anchorage and subsequently encourage to self-built. Security of tenure, microcredit and assistance to build the room 20 m 2 are therefore the key measures enabling to accept the move. Unfortunately, all the displaced were unable to benefit from this programme of social housing, it ended in 2008 as a part of the inhabitants had just arrived in the area or were not yet installed. So would it be of «without plug without photo"and"Tarhil ".

Kết quả (Anh) 2:

In the fight against poverty device that carries this program, it is a great principle which should lessen the effects of displacement and compensating distance: land security. This land titling policy (land titling and property deeds), is based on the highly publicized theories of Hernando de Soto (2006), which largely fueled urban development programs called "pro-poor". The operation is presented to the people as a way to access the property and consequently to see their living conditions improve. This principle is central because, for donors and the authorities, residents are not considered involuntary displaced 'but' resettled beneficiaries' who received a land grant. Yet at first, those beneficiaries receive only "travel tickets" with a parcel number. Ownership of their securities must be definitively allocated after three years. The deferred shares award is intended to avoid the immediate resale of land. This right of ownership, pending or incomplete, is not unlike the "state of exception" of the land system already observed in the favelas of Rio (Handzic, 2010) 9. Along with getting this moving ticket (kind of land pre-title), the first inhabitants moved are offered microloans enabling them to more easily access a Twize10 social housing program. An allowance (200 euros) is parallel granted for travel expenses (transportation of the wooden hut) and can serve as a down payment to qualify for microcredit Twize (Fig. 4). This program, implemented by the French NGO GRET (Group for Research and Technological Exchange), is seen as a starting point for the overall improvement of their living conditions. This helps the first housing should promote the installation, the anchor and subsequently encourage self-construction. Land security, microcredit and assistance to build the room of 20m2 is therefore of key measures such as allowing for greater acceptance movement. Unfortunately, not all IDPs have not benefited from this social housing program, it ended in 2008 when part of the inhabitants had just arrived in the neighborhood, or were not yet installed. So he was going to be "No pictures without plug" and "Tarhil".

Kết quả (Anh) 3:

in the operative part of the fight against poverty, which is the program, it is a general principle to reduce the effects of offset distance, the displacement and land tenure security. the policy of land titling and land titrement property deeds), is based on the theories of high-profile of hernando de soto (2006) have contributed to urban development programmes "pro poor". the operation was presented to the people as a means of access to the property and, therefore, to see an improvement in their living conditions. this principle is central for donors and the authorities, the people are not considered as' internally displaced persons' but 'involuntary' beneficiaries from received an allocation of land. however, as a first step, the beneficiaries receive only "tickets to travel" with a number of plot. titles must be definitely assigned at the end of three years. the award is intended to avoid the deferred debt sale immediately land. the right to property, pending or incomplete, is reminiscent of the "state of exception" to the land tenure system, already observed in the favelas of rio (handzic, 2010). at the same time to obtain the ticket to travel (a kind of pre title), the first residents moved to provide micro credit access to social housing programme twize10. compensation (eur 200) is also provided for travel expenses (transport of the little wooden house), and can be used as initial payment for credit twize (fig. 4). the programme is implemented by the french ngo gret (group for research and technology (), is seen as a starting point for the improvement of their living conditions. the first housing to promote the establishment, and subsequently, promote the self construction. security of tenure, microcredit and support to build the house of 20m2 is therefore the key measures to better accept the move. unfortunately, all internally displaced persons have not been able to benefit from the programme of social housing, which ended in 2008 as a part of the population had moved into the neighborhood, or had not yet been installed. and would be "without card" and "tarhil without picture.